Rizal and Dumas Essay Example for Free

Rizal and Dumas Essay Since youth, Jose Rizal effectively cherished books. His mom, Doã ±a Teodora Alonzo showed him how to peruse a material in Spanish language and built up his psyche and masterful abilities by disclosing to him great and beautiful stories and sonnets. Besides, his Tio Gregorio, a book sweetheart, heightened his perusing of good books. The most loved hobby of Rizal during his stay in Madrid was perusing. Rather than betting and playing with ladies the same number of youthful Filipinos did in the Spanish city, he remained at home and read ravenously until late. I can relate Rizal’s love on books to my enthusiasm. Since my secondary school days, I was attracted to smart books and magazines. Sadly, this enthusiasm of mine was not grown early enough in light of the fact that our school’s library in those days is ineffectively prepared. There are just barely any books and a large portion of them are obsolete however I figured out how to pick up experiences from them. When I went to the University of San Jose-Recoletos (USJ-R) in Cebu City to seek after my school considers, I was a lot of energized when I discovered that the organization has an exceptionally entrancing library. The size of our library in secondary school is just a single percent of the library of this University. I was astounded by the bunch of new and sagacious books showed in the shelves. Moreover, the office has a tremendous space with the goal that it can oblige bunches of understudies. It is during my stay in this University enhanced my understanding abilities and build up my own character through understanding great and instructive books. Through perusing heaps of books and magazines just as surfing in the web, I had the option to augment my insight and sustained my spirit. I picked up loads of data and shrewdness from these understanding materials. In addition, my jargon and language structure had likewise improved through knowing the importance of new words I read from the books. For sure, perusing will really bring you freedom opportunity in your brain and soul. One of the most loved books of Rizal was the Count of Monte Cristo which was composed by Alexander Dumas. This novelâ€which depicts the account of Edmond Dantes ingrained his sentimental yearnings. In like manner, the life of Edmond Dantes was an account of expectation, retribution, absolution, and benevolence. This tale was a brilliant case of unadulterated intelligence and love. The topic of its st ory struck Rizal’s virtuoso brain and one of a kind character. The tale turned into a most loved perusing material of the saint during his high school years. Then again, I can say that this account of Edmond Dantes was genuinely stand-out during the hours of Alexander Dumas. The story would show us the underhanded side of human individual narrow-mindedness and pride. Indeed, the occasions in the story despite everything exist during these occasions. One genuine model is the defilement and treacheries occurring in our nation. To give some examples: the instance of Ampatuan Massacre which as of recently is as yet not settled and the groups of the terrible casualties still not ready to taste equity of the wrongdoing; and the ceaseless debasement in the Philippines. Besides, we can likewise relate the subject of the story to every one of us. The epic was an epic experience of a human being’s nature and feelings. I can say that it is normal for us to feel irate to the individuals who had wronged us. At the point when we hold resentment to somebody, we are constrained to render retribution so as to fulfill our sentiments of outrage. Trut h be told, this sort of enthusiastic experience has just transpired once at that point and I took in such a great amount out from that experience. Without a doubt, it had likewise transpired else on this planet and numerous lives are destroyed as a result of the narrow-mindedness and pride of certain individuals. In any case, when we give up all that we feel to God and feeling every one of those feelings of outrage without attempting to transform whatever has transpired we will before long be edified and absolution will step our direction. When everything is sufficient and we feel that numerous individuals have been influenced in view of that sentiment of outrage and vengeance, we begin to excuse the individuals who had wronged us. In like manner, this is perhaps the best inclination we experience as people in light of the fact that in absolution you see harmony and love. At the point when you pardon an individual, it implies that you are relinquishing that resentment and finds your approach to harmony and bliss. For sure, the Lord Jesus trained us to pardon the individuals who had wronged us. Indeed, even He Himself kicked the bucket in the cross with the end goal for us to be recovered from our wrongdoings and to encounter new life. That’s how enormous God’s love for us. In th is way, it is fine when we need to experience sentiments of outrage towards an individual. It is acceptable to feel it as opposed to dismissing it since when we begin running from reality that we resent the individual and all we simply feel is retribution we begin to hurt ourselves as well as other people. Our wellbeing will be decimated so much that our connections will be in much mayhem. Maybe, this novel sustained the soul of Rizal to battle Spanish oppression. He was intentionally mindful of the outrages and abuse that some Spanish authorities and ministers did to his fellowmen. Debasement and bad form were wherever yet the vast majority of the Filipinos didn't know about it. The incredible Spanish Friars simply utilized the Catholic Religion so as to cover their degenerate activities. In any case, Rizal realized that there was something incorrectly and he should act to battle it. Moreover, another two books that profoundly influenced Rizal were Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew. These two books stimulated his com passion toward the persecuted and sad Filipino individuals. He further created and freed his psyche by perusing different books and examining the various lives and societies of the European nations. He was edgy to free his experiencing compatriots subjugation and torment. As much as Rizal did free his psyche to wander into the questions and to discover that everything that the despots did weren't right through intense contemplating, he additionally freed the brains of his kinsmen through composing his first novel â€Å"Noli Me Tangere†. To be sure, Noli was a superb novel that indicated reality that the dictators are tormenting the Filipino individuals. Due to this novel, the Spanish ministers were maddened and they attempted to secure themselves by assaulting the novel. Be that as it may, truth will consistently win and the cooperative attitude consistently win. I can say that Rizal was assigned by God to be the friend in need of the Filipino individuals against Spanish oppression and we can see this through his interesting virtuoso a nd enthusiasm. He adored his compatriots and he discovered insight in each off-base thing occurring in his nation. He attempted to discover a route so as to address this bad behavior and he set himself up to free his compatriots. Without a doubt, Rizal was a genuine hero. What's more, one of the elements that urged him to free his brain and his kin was perusing acceptable books. In this way, I can say that guessing what can free you might be thinking from negative â€Å"stinking† convictions that blinded you from seeing the privilege and positive method of living. Truth be told, I could state that a portion of our convictions that we created and acquired based from our past encounters and impacts are generally lies. They should be evacuated with the goal for us to see reality, the correct course and the most endless way. What's more, we can do this through perusing and getting intelligence and information. Our lives are driven by our own convictions and those convictions carried us to where we are correct now whether those convictions are correct or wrong. As much as Rizal liberated his kinsmen from Spanish oppression through utilizing his commendable character and remarkable virtuoso, we can likewise free our psyches against the negative musings that are excepting our brains to see the correct route towards carrying on with the most out of life through kept creating of our character and steadiness and energy to learn new things even to the things that we don't have the foggiest idea. That’s a genuine chivalry!

Environmental Ethics Essay -- Environment Global Warming Climate Chang

Morals is the investigation of what is good and bad in human lead. Natural morals examines the impacts of human’s moral connections on the earth and everything inside it (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008). The moral rules that oversee those relations decide human obligations, commitments, and duties with respect to the Earth’s indigenous habitat and the entirety of the creatures and plants that possess it (Taylor, 1989). The reason for this paper is to uncover ecological issues that are compromising the presence of life on Earth, and disk our social commitments to abstain from further harming our condition, wellbeing and life for people in the future. I will plate the requirement for fitting activities and the moral application in the dynamic procedure on understanding ecological concerns. Ecological Concerns Nature has been enduring an onslaught since the beginning of man. Without the earth, man couldn't exist. In this lies the difficulty, man takes from the earth what he needs to endure, food, water, cover, and the very air he relaxes. In any case, the ever-rising populace of man requests a greater amount of these fundamentals at a quick rate, along these lines, more is being taken than the earth can renew. The human crowded and convergences of pesticides in food crops, began to be viewed as a natural emergency in the 1960’s, which went about as the venturing stone for ecological mindfulness. In 1967, history specialist Lynn White distributed a paper on the recorded underlying foundations of the natural emergency. Whites exposition made numerous scholastic discussions over the Judeo-Christian method of reasoning, which energized the misuse of nature for human utilization. The moral predicament emerges from the worry of whether it was mor... ...man wellsprings of ozone depleting substance outflows are relied upon to ascend because of the developing crowded, this development might be decreased by Bush’s plans to expand endeavors to utilize fresher, cleaner advances and measures. These plans may be powerful if everybody, in the United States, yet the whole world, takes an interest and gets mindful of the moral predicaments testing our very presence. Nature is a piece of us and we of it. We can't make due without one another. Since the beginning of time, it has supported and accommodated us. Presently it is our chance to support and protect nature. The future in dubious, yet in the event that the whole human species can adjust an increasingly sensible way of life, there is promise for the earth and each living thing in it. Time is of the embodiment, consequently, quick activities and moral choices are important for endurance of the planet.

Slave Narratives and American Biographies One in the Same - Literature Essay Samples

For centuries, slave narratives have been ignored by literary scholars and historians, and according the John Sekora, it wasn’t until the era after World War II that historians reevaluated their position on these early examples of African American literature (Sekora 482). Until that point, these narratives were â€Å"disclaimed as misleading, inaccurate, or tainted,†Ã¢â‚¬â€somehow unworthy of being taken seriously (Sekora 482). Contemporary historians have scrutinized these narratives, and as Sekora notes, the slave narratives’ â€Å"factual validity and authenticity† have been proven (Sekora 483). In Sekora’s essay, â€Å"Black Message/White Envelope: Genre, Authenticity, and Authority in the Antebellum Slave Narrative,† he argues that slave narratives aren’t truly a subgenre of autobiography due to the circumstances in which they were written. His arguments have been evaluated by Robert S. Levine, who responded with an essay titled â€Å"The slave narrative and the revolutionary tradition of American autobiography.† In this essay, Levine refuses this definition of slave narratives, raising critical questions raised by Sekora’s argument. I agree with Levine’s argument that the literary tradition of slave narratives should fall into the category of autobiography. Slave narratives earn their place as a subgenre of autobiography simply because they were written by their subjects and they detail events that shaped the lives of their writers. Slave narratives are some of the earliest examples of African American literature in our history, and whether or not their writing was influenced by a white audience does not discredit them. In his essay, Sekora reasons that slave narratives are not a subgenre of autobiography for multiple reasons, stating first the definition of an autobiography: Traditionalists and post-structuralists agree that autobiography comes into being when recollection engages memory. Recollection engages people, things, events seemingly fragmented and unrelated; as an essential part of its activity, recollection brings sequence and/or relation to the enormous diversity of experience; it plots the stages of the subjects journey to selfhood. Meaning emerges when events are connected as parts of a coherent and comprehensive whole. (Sekora 509) This definition of an autobiography, however limiting, still encompasses slave narratives in the general sense of their literary tradition. For example, The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass details significant events in Douglass’s life: witnessing his aunt being beaten, moving to Baltimore, and teaching himself how to read and write are just a sampling of events in the narrative that bring it to life. These â€Å"seemingly fragmented and unrelated† events and the â€Å"enormous diversity of experience† that Douglass details in his Narrative eventually are realized into the image of the man we find in Fredrick Douglass. This â€Å"coherent and comprehensive whole† points toward a very specific purpose: to detail the effects that slavery has on a person, and to serve as a resource to stand behind the movement for abolition (Sekora 509). Each of these characteristics is also fulfilled by Harriet E. Wilson’s Our Nig; or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black. Although this book takes the form of a fictional novel, it is an autobiographical account of Wilson’s life working in the Bellmont’s house. Although this account takes the form of a novel, we still see anecdotes from the life of Wilson portrayed. She is essentially dropped off at the Bellmont house and left by her mother to live with this family, Mrs. Bellmont beats her and expects her to do house work, and she eventually ends up a poor, lonely woman struggling to succeed. The novel ultimately sends that message that abuse and neglect cause irreparable damage to a person, and it shows the experiences that African Americans faced in the time of slavery—regardless of if they were free or a slave. This narrative has a coherent meaning derived from a series of anecdotes spanning over a period of time, outlining how these events led Wilson’s journey to selfhood; the characteristics that Sekora points out that all autobiographies should have are present. This book also takes on the formal components of a slave narrative that Levine points out in his essay, including the â€Å"lack of a clear sense of parentage, the accounts of separations from family members, the portrayals of brutal masters and overseers† (Levine 1). The novel even boasts a preface and appendix written to soften the opinions of her white audience, which is also characteristic of slave narratives. These works by Douglass and Wilson lie within both realms of slave narrative and autobiography. These characteristics are important in the world of slave narratives, though. Many of the slave narratives that have been published contain a preface or an appendix, if not both. Unfortunately, as history goes, the vast majority of the literate at this time were white. Many African Americans were still enslaved, and as Douglass points out in his Narrative, the general mindset among slave owners was that â€Å"Learning would spoil the best n_____ in the world† (Douglass 40). With the major audience being white, these prefaces and appendices act as a sort of â€Å"buffer,† offering credibility to the author of the narrative. Sekora’s argument continues to say that slave narratives aren’t examples of an autobiography because â€Å"the stated purpose of the slave narrative is far different from the creation of a self, and the overarching shape of that story is mandated by persons other than the subject,† (Sekora 509). His argument is that these prefaces and appendices are evidence of the voice of African American authors being taken over and imposed upon by their white publishers and sponsors. He isn’t entirely wrong in this assertion, either. The narratives take their form in the prose and voice of traditional white authors, which is attributed to white publishers. Sekora argues â€Å"the introductory letters can be seen as causal to the narratives they precede. The slave is the primitive other whose silence allows white sponsors to describe the grace, the beauty of their own civilized voices† (Sekora 510). On the other hand, though, we might argue that these are just some of the earliest examples of the African American voice. In Douglass’s Narrative, the struggle to attain literacy is an issue represented that is unique to African Americans. His desire to learn is matched by his master, Master Hugh’s refusal to let him learn. Douglass eventually learns how to write through Hugh’s son’s old copybooks and through the poor white children that lived in the same neighborhood—essentially appropriating the white voice and language, making it his own. These types of stories regarding the attainment of literacy show up in multiple other narratives, with over thirty listed on the website published by Documenting the American South (â€Å"Guide†). Also in Douglass’s narrative are concepts of African American spirituality. There is a part of the story when Douglass goes to Thomas Auld’s home to complain about his treatment by Covey, and the threat of Covey whipping him when he returns is very apparent. Sandy, a slave from a neighboring farm gives Douglass a root that will protect him from being whipped by a white man—and surprisingly we never see him whipped again. The root is a reference to rootwork, or conjure, which is another uniquely African American concept. Mentions of conjure in slave narratives are common, and these mentions that may seem foreign to today’s reader serve as another reminder of the African American voice in slave narratives. These uniquely African American themes permeate through this literature—starting a conversation among these works that a white voice cannot pale. Both Douglass and Wilson call upon their black â€Å"brethren,† naming them as an audience that they intend to reach. Wilson says in her preface to Our Nig, â€Å"I sincerely appeal to my colored brethren universally for patronage, hoping that they will not condemn this attempt of their sister to be erudite, but rally around me a faithful band of supporters and defenders† (Wilson 3-4). These calls directly to African American readers speak most evidently to the idea of an African American voice that won’t be silenced or shut down by white editors or sponsors. These works are uniquely African American, and have the ability to speak to both audiences. Levine asks the question: â€Å"Can it really be said that white autobiographers, as opposed to the black narrators of the slave narrative, are able to stand apart from the mediating forces of their culture?† What he means is that African American authors who wrote these narratives were obviously appropriated by the dominant culture of literature in a way that a white author would have never had to even realize (Levine 2). In essence, claiming that slave narratives don’t have a place in the canon of American autobiographies just because they were written in the language of their editors wouldn’t be fair. Slave narratives definitely belong in the category of autobiographies for multiple reasons. Their events have been authenticated. Narratives, like in the examples of Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and Harriet E. Wilson’s Our Nig: Or; Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, have the same qualities as autobiographies. Finally, and most importantly, slave narratives are some of the first accounts of the African American voice in our culture, and I agree with Robert Levine’s implications that they should be regarded as a unique addition to the genre of autobiography. Works Cited Douglass, Fredrick. Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass. Amazon Digital Services, Inc. 2012. Kindle AZW file. Guide to Religious Content in Slave Narratives. North American Slave Narratives. Ed. Grendler Marcella, Leiter Andrew, and Sexton Jill. Documenting the American South, 2004. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. Levine, Robert S. The Slave Narrative and the Revolutionary Tradition of American Autobiography. (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. PDF. Sekora, John. Black Message/White Envelope: Genre, Authenticity, and Authority in the Antebellum Slave Narrative.† Callaloo 32 (1987): 482-515. JSTOR. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. Wilson, Harriet E. Our Nig, Or; Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, in a Two-Story White House, North Showing that slaverys shadows fall even there. Amazon Digital Services, Inc. 2011. Kindle AZW file.

Literature Review on Race and Color Prejudice in Othello

The primary characters of Shakespeare’s plays typically have an element of tragedy to them: some unfortunate outcome for them that occurs either despite their circumstances or because of them. In the case of Othello, the titular character is a tragic figure whose race leads many, including Iago, to scheme against him and lead to his downfall. In this essay, the character of Othello will be examined in terms of his race and behavior, through the lens of G.K. Hunters Othello and Color Prejudice. Here, Othello is presented as a black man who is a heroic figure, constantly fighting against the perceptions of others to succeed in his own field and life, only to be undone by a villain who is jealous of his accomplishments and fearful of his race. In the end, he becomes that very savage stereotype that he fought so hard to shake off. The main character of Othello is the Venetian general Othello, who is a Moor. In Othello, the Moor, is distrusted by Roderigo, Iago, and many others in the Venetian court; however, due to his marriage to Desdemona, as well as his military prowess, he is allowed to roam freely around Venice and take part in all the comforts of generalhood. When Othello is tasked to govern the island of Cyprus, Iago takes this chance to set in motion a chain of events that will undo Othello completely, leading to his death and Desdemona’s alike. Hamartia is the fatal flaw that the hero makes that leads to his downfall; Othello makes this mistake in believing Iago’s suspicions that Desdemona has cheated on him with Cassio, leading Othello to strangle Desdemona to death and give in to his more primal instincts. Race plays an important part in Othello’s character; however, that is mostly due to the reactions of outside forces (Iago et al.) to his presence. He himself very rarely notices or feels persecuted because of his race; it is not until Act III, scene 3, when he tries to figure out why Desdemona would be unfaithful to him, that he acknowledges any sort of negative connotation to being black – Here he says â€Å"Haply for I am black / And have not those soft parts of conversation / That chamberers have.† (III.iii.267-269) Othello himself, while in Venice, exerts confidence and eloquence, traits that are far more sophisticated than those expected of Moors by the rest of Venice, contributing to his acceptance by the majority of the people, including the Duke.   By the time he reaches Cyprus, however, he begins to succumb to his own animal nature and the machinations of Iago. Iago being the white villain turns many stereotypical associations between white and black o n their head, according to Hunter: he is the white man with the black soul while Othello is the black man with the white soul (251). Being the only non-white or non-Christian character in this play, the outsider nature of Othello is emphasized; he is all by himself, being judged by white neighbors, and he has no real outlet with which to express the unique attitudes of his people.  He is able to set himself apart from his white brethren and strike out on his own, falling victim to the same traits that those who discriminate against him attribute to him – Othello’s barbarism makes him take his revenge against Desdemona. Othello is barely cognizant of the differences between him and his Venetian brothers; he merely interacts as though he is one of them. While there are most certainly those who are opposed to him because of his race, it does not affect him. It is only in the end that Iago’s trickery forces him to accept his differences, speaking of himself as â€Å"one that loved not wisely but too well, / Of one not easily jealous but, being wrought, / Perplexed in the extreme† (V.ii.34 1-344). Othello is somewhat defined by his relationship to Desdemona, much to his chagrin. Desdemona’s culture and femininity is crucial to taming Othello’s wilder, Moorish tendencies, and as soon as Iago begins to manipulate Othello into doubting Desdemona’s fidelity, that control vanishes. In Edmund Tilney’s â€Å"The Flower of Friendship,† it is stated that â€Å"a man may show his wife, and his sword to his friend, but not too far to trust them† (280). Iago uses this very principle to sow distrust of Desdemona within Othello, particularly around Cassio. Tinley also states that â€Å"It is a hard matter for an honest woman to love a dissolute man, or a wise spouse to accept a foolish mate† (280). In this quote, femininity is described as more sane, more in control than ‘foolish’ masculinity, making men fear it. The fear of femininity examined in Tilney’s text starts to turn Othello against Desdemona, claiming that she wi ll start to exert control over him. Shakespeare took much of his inspiration for how to characterize the Moor Othello through Leo Africanus’ translator John Pory’s â€Å"History and Description of Africa.† In it, he follows the aforementioned Moor, who navigates the wilderness with a mighty intelligence and wisdom. He has traveled through many desolate mountains and deserts, which impresses Pory. â€Å"I marvel much how ever he should have escaped so many thousands of imminent dangers† (p. 260). Othello also escapes so many imminent dangers in his history as a Venetian general this type of resilience and bravery is brought over to the Othello character as evidence of a wildness and rawness within him that is characteristic of Moors. Pory is also in awe of the diversity and willingness of the Moorish people to try new things â€Å"The liberality of this people hath at all times been exceeding great† (264). Othello also shares this trait by the mere virtue of joining the Venetian army and taking a white wife – while the rest of the Venetian court balks at it, Othello seems unfazed, at least in the beginning, before the words and manipulation of Iago turn him against her. In conclusion, Othello as a character is defined greatly by his race, in both the other characters’ interactions with him and his own behavior in the play; despite this, he is most definitely not stereotypical of portrayals of black characters at the time. Othello manages to find success despite his race as a general of the Venetian army, but is undone by the prejudicial forces against him (as well as his own savage nature). These character’s downfalls are derived from their own weaknesses Othello is the tragic victim of a spiteful lieutenant who tricks him into believing that his wife has been unfaithful. In the end, Hunter argues that Othellos characterization transforms from that of a contradiction from stereotypes into the stereotype himself, as Iago succeeds in making the deeds of Othello at last fit in with the prejudice that his face at first excited (Hunter 248). Works Cited Hunter, G.K. Othello and Colour Prejudice pp. 248-62. Pory, John. â€Å"The History and Description of Africa.† Othello and The Tragedy of Miriam: A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Longman Cultural Edition, Ed. Clare, Carroll. New York: Longman, 2003. pp.258-265. Shakespeare, William. The tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice. Print. Tilney, Edmund. The flower of friendship. Othello and The Tragedy of Miriam: A Longman    Cultural Edition, Ed. Clare, Carroll. New York: Longman, 2003 pp. 278-284.

John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1538 Words

John Steinbeck s Of Mice and Men explores many different and complex theories, all while telling a simple story of two men and one dream. George is practical, cautious, and small, but sharp and socially able. His companion is one of very different statures: looming and strong, possibly too much for his own good, and has the ability to kill but possesses the mind of a child, and blessed but cursed with a mental illness that detaches him from society. The pair on the run from one job to the next have the common dream of a place to call their own home. However, no matter where they end up, George and Lennie are constantly pressured to maintain a spot on the social ladder, using their different strengths and abilities, but all while being hindered by their disadvantages. In this novel, although many characters have different strengths and weaknesses that that make them unique, Steinbeck reveals that in order to have authority and power, one must prove themselves to be useful in their env ironment and ultimately gain the respect of others around them, which is made evident through the differences of the ranchers on the farm, characters treatment on the farm due to usefulness, and the struggles that many characters face in order to have and maintain power. In Of Mice and Men, our main characters encounter many different people with different abilities. These attributes directly contribute to their position on the ranch’s social ladder and differentiates one from another. As anShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1248 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men, He uses imagery many times to create a realistic setting and plot. Steinbeck’s depiction of migrant workers and their daily complications during the depression are objectively precise due to his use of imagery with idioms, dreams, nature, loneliness and animal imagery. The main theme of the book transpires to be loneliness and fate. While George and Lennie, the main chara cters have a synergetic relationship, fate steps in and does away with their dreams, whichRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men897 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we possess. Many people feel certain emotions based on events that have taken place in their lifetime or how they were raised throughout their childhood. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, he portrays the feelings of isolation and loneliness in three different characters. George’s isolation is illustrated in Steinbeck’s, Of Mice and Men. George expresses many hard feelings towards Lennie at the opening of this story. â€Å"‘...you’re a lot of trouble,’ said George. ‘I could get along so easy and soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1243 Words   |  5 Pagesis what John Steinbeck achieves by portraying this through the characters in his novella Of Mice and Men. The main characters are affected by loneliness in their own different way throughout the novella. rf The loneliness is maintained by the challenges that the characters have to face, and they sustain those challenges of being inhumane towards each other. Crook, a figure in the story who experiences discrimination encounters the challenge of race, due to the book’s setting in the 1930’s duringRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1080 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I want you to stay with me Lennie. Jesus Christ, somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself.† The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck shows the relationship between two migrant workers in the 1930s, George and Lennie, along with the other members on the new ranch that they began working on. Georgie and Lennie dreamed of following the American Dream and owning their own patch of land and the novel revolves around the dream and the obstacles that stand in their way. Lennie, a strongRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men2167 Words   |  9 Pagesjobs. In John Steinbeck’ s Of Mice and Men, George Milton and Lennie Small wander through California in search of a new job that would help them make enough money to live their American dream on â€Å"the fatta the lan’†(Steinbeck 14). George and Lennie’s hard work and determination is not enough for them to live their dream. Lennie has a mental disability that slows the two friends down from living their dream; they have to run from job to job because of Lennie’s unintentional actions. Steinbeck incorporatesRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe realistic fiction novella Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck explains the journey of two migrant farm workers. Lennie and George are forced to overcome the Dust Bowl and The Great Depression around 1938. This makes jobs even harder to come by because everyone wanted one. Lennie and George were kicked out of Weed and they now work at a ranch in Soledad. At the new farm the friendship between Lennie and George becomes harder to maintain. The people on the farm are all different shapes, sizes, andRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1360 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeling, thinking and acting in everyday life. In the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, a duo of farmers, George and Lennie, search for work wherever they can. Their dream of having a farm of their own is coming into reach, while George has to wield Lennie away from the temptation of Curley’s wife and the reality of what L ennie can do. John Steinbeck uses characterization to illustrate the nature of human existence. Steinbeck portrays George as a man who tries to help, and helps others soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1448 Words   |  6 Pages In the novella, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck discusses the idea of loneliness and how people who work at the ranch have no family and no future in lives. He indicates that all people at the ranch are lonely, but he specifically uses a few characters to highlight their state of being lonely and more miserable than the others. He emphasizes the loneliness of ranch life during the Great Depression, and shows how people are willing to try and find friendship in order to escape from the state ofRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1205 Words   |  5 Pagesand the time period of John Steinbeck s novella, Of Mice and Men, exemplifies the idea that people from minorities are held back from achieving their version of the ‘American Dream’. This goes to prove not everyone will overcome the overbearing tidal waves of their hardship s, which makes the American Dream nothing more than a dream to them. Crooks, the black stable hand, faces discrimination due to his skin color as this unfortunately was common in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck uses Crooks’ situationRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men968 Words   |  4 PagesSolidifying the theme of John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, the protagonist George expresses his significant loneliness despite a strong kinship with his friend Lennie, â€Å"’I ain’t got no people†¦ I seen the guys that go around the ranches alone. That ain’t no good’† (41). Published in 1937, amidst the horrific turmoil of the Great Depression, Steinbeck’s novella struck a sensitive chord with readers. Set in the heart of California’s Central Valley, this story follows two men, George and Lennie, as they

Business Communication-Hyatt Group-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Provide a proposal outline that will show what you are intending on including in your report. 2.Describe the background of the Organisation by providing a brief description on the business and the Communication Strategy you intend on implementing. Answers: 1.Communication is the essential process in an organization to maintain stability among employees and to improve the productivity of an organization. Business communication includes many strategies like to motivate their employees, then to improve working condition and also to make a proper and healthy atmosphere at organizations (Coombs, 2014). Hyatt Group was selected for this paper to understand business communication and to implement some communication strategy in this organization. Communication strategy implementing in Hyatt group is the main purpose of this paper. This can be implemented with the help of selecting the internal audience and also by selecting a strategic approach. To implement communication strategy in Hyatt group organization it is important to identify the key benefits along with the supported points. The topic of this paper is Business Communication Strategy Hyatt Group. Outline Proposal Outline Introduction: In this part, a topic will be introduced along with the definition of communication strategy. This part will contain the entire introduction of this paper. Type of communication strategies: This part will contain various types of communication strategies that are used in an organization. This part will also contain the best communication strategy for Hyatt Group of an organization. In this part, various types with their advantage and disadvantages will be discussed. The importance of communication in an organization: From this part, we will be able to understand the importance of communication in an organization. This part will provide why an organization needs a perfect communication strategy and its effect on employees. Implementation of Communication strategy: This part will contain the implementing process of chosen communication strategy to Hyatt Group. Further in this part audience will be able to get an idea of the success of implementation of the chosen communication strategy. Conclusion: This is the conclusion part where a brief summary or evaluation of the entire report will be provided. Organization Background Hyatt group is the corporation of hotels and resorts of America. This corporation was founded in the year 1957. The brands of Hyatt are; Park, Grand, Regency, Miraval, Ziva and so on. They have almost 4.4 billion dollar revenue along with the 110000 employees working in Hyatt Group. Hyatt House motel was purchased by Pritzker in the year 1957 and with the help of Donald; they are able to grow Hyatt Brand or group. In the year 2016 on 30th September, Hyatt was considered as the company of global hospitality with almost 13 brands and above 600 properties in almost 54 countries. They are a true picture of diversity and empowerment as in Hyatt hotels different group of people works together and they are performing the best which proves their strength and stability in the organization (Brink, Costigan, 2015). In Hyatt, they have experience of more than half century with innovation as well as the vision that makes Hyatt the leader in hospitality industries. Hyatt is the brand name that sp read like fire and they provide most efficient hotels and resort all over the world. This company is considered as the best class luxurious hotels and resorts in the world. 2.Introduction Communication strategy is the plan that actually expresses goals along with the methods for an organizational activity. It is a strategy that helps to enhance employee's performance and level with the help of communication (Bennett, 2014). This paper discusses the types of communication along with their advantages and disadvantages. This paper also discusses the best communication strategy that needs to be implemented for Hyatt Group of Hotel and resorts. Type of communication strategies The various types of communication strategies are: Verbal Communication strategy: In this communication strategy people are able to share their information and knowledge with the help of oral or written communication (Kernbach, 2015). This helps an organization to communicate verbally with their employees to understand them properly. Non-verbal Communication strategy: In this communication strategy people are able to communicate visually that is by a physical gesture, facial expression, body language, etc (Bloom, 2014). This communication strategy is the process where no language is needed to communicate with each other. Visual Communication strategy: In this communication strategy people express their information with the help of visual aids like the documentation or some other sources (Mishra, 2014). Advantages and Disadvantages of communication strategies Verbal Communication Advantages: This type of communication saves money as well as time and also the response is quick (Kasper, Kellerman, 2014). This communication strategy is the most convenient way to communicate with other as people are able to understand one another clearly. Disadvantages: This type of communication often end up to a long communication session which cost more money. Sometimes this type of communication creates a misunderstanding as this in most of the time provides irrelevant information. Non-Verbal Communication Advantages: This type of conversation is easy to present when both the people are unable to understand their verbal communication (Andreu, 2015). This also helps handicapped people to communicate in an organization and in an outer world also. Disadvantages: Most of the time gesture becomes very difficult to understand that create misunderstanding among two or more person. In this type of communication, a long conversation is not possible as gesture becomes difficult to provide a long message. Visual Communication Advantages: This help to communicate easily and also help in oral communication. People are able to express their feeling more in this type of communications. Disadvantages: Sometimes due to network problem it becomes difficult to communicate easily. This type of communication is very costly as this need internet as well as a device for visual communication. Communication Strategy for Hyatt Group For Hyatt group, the communication strategy is best to have verbal communication. This is because they are a big group of hotel and resorts and for that communication is most important where non-verbal may create a lot problem so it is best for them to have a verbal communication. This will help Hyatt to communicate with their employees and also this will make them capable of understanding any problem or issue in the organization. Importance of communication in organization Communication is an essential part of an organization to develop (Cornelissen, Cornelissen, 2017). This actually helps managers to perform their basic functions like organizing, planning, controlling, motivating, etc. Communication helps employees to get motivated along with it this also help employees to understand their job and improve their performance. Communication is the key that maintains a stable connection in the organization between employees as well as between the organizations. This also helps to build attitudes of employees towards their organization and their colleagues. This helps higher authorities to manage their staff and also allow them to understand their employees. Communication enables employees to know about their organization policy and it help to sort out any type of problem or issue rising in the organization. Every organization needs to have a perfect communication strategy to control their employees and to communicate effectively with their employees (Cor nelissen, 2015). This is the best sources that provide information to the employees about their organization and to the o0rganization about their employees. Communication is actually a bridge that connects two sections of people in an organization to work together and efficiently. Implementation of Communication strategy The implementation of verbal communication strategy in Hyatt group, authority needs to involve their employees by making them understand about the communication strategy and use of this communication strategy. The higher authorities before implementing communication strategy need to analyze the consequence of this communication strategy on business (Mai, Hoffmann, 2014). The organization also needs to be clear about their workforce in human resource so that they are able to carry out this communication activity. Implementing strategy on organization may cause to financial issue also, therefore, the higher authorities of Hyatt Group needs to identify their financial condition on implementing tools for verbal communication strategy. Once this communication is implemented then this will help their employees to communicate easily with anyone and also this will increase business for Hyatt Group. This is very much needed for employees to understand communication need for their organizatio n and this can be done with the proper planning and implementation of verbal communication strategy (Moshiri, Cardon, 2014). It actually enhances the power and capability of the organization to perform best in the market, as this help to improve working condition of employees along with the business profit. Conclusion Communication is not just a simple word it is the biggest thing for an organization to develop. This paper concludes that Hyatt Group needs to develop a verbal communication strategy to enhance their profitability and position in the market. References Andreu, L., Casado-Daz, A. B., Mattila, A. S. (2015). Effects of message appeal and service type in CSR communication strategies.Journal of Business Research,68(7), 1488-1495. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296315000533 Bennett, W. L., Segerberg, A., Walker, S. (2014). Organization in the crowd: peer production in large-scale networked protests.Information, Communication Society,17(2), 232-260. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2013.870379 Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J. (2014). The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization.Management Science,60(12), 2859-2885. Retrieved from https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2013 Brink, K. E., Costigan, R. D. (2015). Oral communication skills: Are the priorities of the workplace and AACSB-accredited business programs aligned?.Academy of Management Learning Education,14(2), 205-221. Retrieved from https://amle.aom.org/content/14/2/205.short Coombs, W. T. (2014).Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=CkkXBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR1dq=Importance+of+communication+in+organizationots=NHu8_kgmahsig=sK2cQlulE--xLExWCzPFWSqpKMY#v=onepageq=Importance%20of%20communication%20in%20organizationf=false Cornelissen, J. P., Durand, R., Fiss, P. C., Lammers, J. C., Vaara, E. (2015). Putting communication front and center in institutional theory and analysis. Retrieved from https://amr.aom.org/content/40/1/10.short Cornelissen, J., Cornelissen, J. P. (2017).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=Ju60DQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Communication+in+organizationots=eVfKUgTd5Nsig=5n7BHwdrBTpSY6TkKCX5jH2uiSA#v=onepageq=Communication%20in%20organizationf=false Kasper, G., Kellerman, E. (2014).Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=98W3AwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Type+of+communication+strategiesots=AqNb7NAHEfsig=Goi1GIerhNX2h-fsNCaV1TcY8lk#v=onepageq=Type%20of%20communication%20strategiesf=false Kernbach, S., Eppler, M. J., Bresciani, S. (2015). The use of visualization in the communication of business strategies: An experimental evaluation.International Journal of Business Communication,52(2), 164-187. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329488414525444 Mai, R., Hoffmann, S. (2014). Accents in business communication: An integrative model and propositions for future research.Journal of Consumer Psychology,24(1), 137-158. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1057740813000831 Mishra, K., Boynton, L., Mishra, A. (2014). Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications.International Journal of Business Communication,51(2), 183-202. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329488414525399 Moshiri, F., Cardon, P. (2014). The state of business communication classes: A national survey.Business and Professional Communication Quarterly,77(3), 312-329. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329490614538489

Show Boat Encouraging Tolerance

Introduction Show Boat refers to the 1927 musical with basically two acts. There is music with Jerome Kern, book as well as lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein.1 Indeed, Oscar Hammerstein’s satirical applications within the musical play Show Boat remains a historical landmark in the entertainment industry. It equally depicts and promotes the aspects of tolerance. Drawn from Edna Ferber’s legend novel with a similar name, this musical piece follows the lives of performers as well as stagehands.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Show Boat: Encouraging Tolerance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it also follows the lives of the dock workers of the Cotton Blossom. Cotton Blossom refers to the Mississippi River show boat that existed for approximately a period of five decades. This was roughly from 1880 to 1927. A critical analysis of the musical play reveals very important prevailing themes such as racia l discrimination as well as tragic, enduring love. It is generally evident that the arrival of this musical play stirred the American musical community and has since remained remarkably recognized for its theatrical and satirical meanings with respect to tolerance. Even presently, there still remains a great interest in the analysis of this Oscar’s great master piece and its general relation to the normal life situation. This essay thus discusses how Oscar Hammerstein idealized and encouraged tolerance through the application of satire theatrically with his musical play, Show Boat. The Oscar Hammerstein’s Musical Play Show Boat From the analysis of the major themes of the musical play, it can be noted that Oscar Hammerstein satirically conveyed critical information regarding racial discrimination and tragic enduring love.2 Throughout the musical play, one realizes that Oscar tries to convey a message of survivorship and toil throughout one’s life. This, despite the racial prejudice issues amongst the population, is working aboard the Show Boat. Indeed, the arrival of this musical play shed more light and became a watershed moment for most artistes within the same industry. Relative to other seemingly trivial and impracticable artistic works and presentations at that time, the Show Boat remained a drastic departure within musical story-telling, combining spectacle with seriousness. Perhaps, its satirical presentation provided the chance for analysts to note its uniqueness from other previously existing musical plays during that moment. The full integration of song, humor as well production numbers to a solitary and inextricable artistic piece provided a hidden message of tolerance and motivation to the normal man. Particularly to the dock workers, this musical play provided a source of inspiration and encouragement making them strives to accomplish their tasks despite the hardships they were undergoing. Some notable discrimination included those based on racial prejudice.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ability of the musical play to motivate persons heartbroken and enhance their tolerance in daily life situations was also critical. Ideally, there is an observation that Hammerstein crafted this musical piece following a long time of observation and experience with the Show Boat. The quality of this musical play remained clear and outstanding even to the eyes of the potential critics. This vibrantly communicated the un ending message of striving to success and tolerance to success for the larlgey deprived and undermined within the society. The quality of the musical play vibrantly relayed a strong message of inspiration to the listeners. Unlike most musical plays, Show Boat seemed sentimental as well as tragic. Through this, the musical play managed to manipulate and touch people’s hearts with a sense of passion for tolerance even amidst hard times or moments. Its most unique feature as the first real American musical play was the ability to satirically convey messages against racial prejudice. This is a striking characteristic of the musical play that reached several hearts, particularly those who were racially discriminated during those periods. The general message here was to tolerate one another despite people’s differences. There is perhaps a lot to learn from the analysis of the plot synopsis of the musical play itself. It is seen that this story starts 47 years earlier, starting aboard a show boat, Cotton Blossom as it purposes to arrive as the river dock of the Mississippi.3 The period indicated here itself depicts a long time that can only be achieved by tolerant and patient people. It is clear how the boat is set to take a long period with people aboard. Indeed, through presented satirically, it is notable that the 47 years on board requires a potentially tolerable person. Oscar Hammerstein’s selection of the Show Boat and the Mississippi river satirically represents the hard working environment that the dockers usually underwent during their voyages. It represents the tough environment that must be overtaken and empowered by all the workers aboard. The musical notes themselves provide a sentimental and soothing feeling to the listeners or audience. They become encouraged by the prevailing mood and are gradually overtaken by a sensation and desire of attaining success even in hard times. Basically, this imparted tolerance and a sense of survivorship. The introduction of the play to the highly excited crowd is a clear indication of the love that the earlier audience had for the musical play. In the beginning of the musical play, the fight between the characters and the disagreements that seize by the end illustrates a sense of acceptance as well as tolerance amongst the different groups by all the partakers. Although it doesn’t em erge automatically, one keenly notices a sense of tolerance as well as the ability to reconcile amongst the key characters of the play.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Show Boat: Encouraging Tolerance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, another element of tolerance is demonstrated by the varied racial composition of the actors who frequently engage in fierce exchange and at times even fight over their differences.4 This is despite the fact that they are a singular community with an aim to achieve a definite goal t hat in the end is attained. The background songs remain critical in the inspiration of the audiences as w ell as characters during different hard situations as they interact with their mates. The musical play then begins, presenting a love tight and socially sensitive demonstration of a community unified by only one goal. Characters love and get loved with others heartbroken but still are adam ant to create a difference within the boat society and ensure they become more appreciated and valued by others.5 This aspect presents a literal message to the audience to try fitting into the society’s mainstream even in times of neglect and lost love. The presentation of the fight between the actors and branding of each with names based on shear discrimination such as â€Å"mulatto† satirically depicts the normal society and the intrigues involved in the daily lives. The segregation of a female actor, Julie at based on her race the beginning of the play during the fight represents the pain that one was likely to face during this time in America. However, the playwright comically presents another character, Steve, who has to swallow Julie’s blood. This act is a satirical move that shows tolerance of different groups since Steve comically admits that he is also a mulatto since he took at least â€Å"one drop of black blood† in him. The events that follow this comic presentation depict a critical theme upon a comprehensive analysis. To begin with, it is important to note the mood that prevails within the entire troupe just when Steve acknowledges the presence of black blood in him. It is observable that the whole troupe remains sympathetic and echoes his sentiments. This is a satirical presentation of tolerance with one another despite their inadequacies or circumstances. Every action purely drives home a pure presentation of critical message of tolerance and motivation to the audience. Seemingly, it is notable that there exist few literary sources elucidating the manner in which the audience received and articulated the satirical messages presented within the musical play. It is also observable that as the play continues, the formerly rather outrageous sheriff is forced to drop his arrest interests on Julie and Steve. This act presents a sense of tolerance with â€Å"deviants† as would be termed in that society then.Advertisi ng Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sheriff’s ability to sympathize with Steve’s situation along with other troupe members compromises his ability to enforce law by arresting the two..the tolerance and acceptance of Steve to Julie is further demonstrated when he agrees to leave the town with Julie. Perhaps, this is with the realization that their further stay within the town or with the troupe is bound to cause more harm.6 The consequent hiring of Gaylord Ravenal who unfortunately loses his ticket worth in gambling demonstrates a great deal of empathy as well as tolerance. Andy, upon firing Pete, seems amused and sympathizes with Gaylord Ravenal and therefore offers him a job as the new leading man for the troupe. It is amazing how the demonstration of tolerance remains depicted in this noble action from Andy. That despite Gaylord Ravenal’s weird gambling behavior; he is still accommodated and given a new job in the troupe as the leading man. As if this is not enough, this follows after Steve and Julie are exempted of arrest by the sheriff. The following events enable Gaylord Ravenal and Magnolia to fall deeply in love as they finally tolerate one another and propose for marriage. Parthy’s objections towards this union can no longer work as the two seriously fall in love and proceed to marriage in Parthy’s absence. It is notable that Parthy became tolerable with their situation and could never do anything to stop the marriage. It is stated that she could not do anything despite her disapproval of Gaylord Ravenal. The musical play continues to demonstrate various instances of tolerance as the time passes over the years even in Gaylord Ravenal and Magnolia’s marriage. Magnolia is depicted as a persistent wife of Gaylord Ravenal. This is despite the fact that Gaylord Ravenal suffers financial crisis and is no longer capable of maintaining their daughter Kim as well as the wife. Obviously, one critically notices the tolerant nature of Magnolia through he r persistence in the marriage. It is obvious that Oscar Hammerstein throughout the musical play and within critical incidences satirically brings out the theme of tolerance with each other. This is evidently indicated in every conflict and union within the play. Magnolia herself is given a singing job in a New York club by her very friends so she can help herself financially after the husband shamefully abandons her and the daughter. In this move, the ability to accept one another and tolerate one’s situation is evidently illustrated again in the musical play. It is in this club where when Magnolia does her audition with the childhood song â€Å"Can’t Help Lovin Dat Man† that Julie’s memories are aroused.7 Julie, upon leaning the presence of Magnolia in the club and her situation, tactfully resigns from her position so that her childhood friend Magnolia can acquire the new position or job. It is however shocking that Magnolia though never realizes the sac rificial action and tolerance done to her by her childhood friend Julie. This obviously demonstrates a great sense of sacrifice as well as tolerance with one another. Conclusion Every character is able to sympathize with their friends and old acquaintances in difficult moments (Magee, 311). Later on during a new year’s eve, Andy rallies the crowd to Julie’s defense when she is overwhelmed by emotions and cannot effectively perform on stage. It is evident that such sacrifices make Magnolia a great musical star for two decades. Andy’s sacrificial nature and initiative for the reunion of broken marriages depicts a real sense of tolerance and devotion to the welfare of friends.8 Magnolia accepts Ravenal back despite his misdeed and individual guilt of disowning her with the child. Generally, the musical play ends in a joyous mood with unity and peace. Everyone is happy and sings to the same song and tune as they return to the show boat. Conclusively, Oscar Hammerste in’s musical play remains one of the most socially educative and sensitive ancient American plays, with a great satirical encouragement of tolerance to the audience. Bibliography Bradley, Edwin. The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932. New York: McFarland Co., 2004. Magee, Jeffrey. Irving Berlin’s American musical theater. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Stempel, Larry. Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater. New York Norton, 2010. Wolf, Stacy. Changed for good: a feminist history of the Broadway musical. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Footnotes 1 Jeffrey Magee, Irving Berlin’s American musical theater (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 11. 2 Stacy Wolf, Changed for good: a feminist history of the Broadway musical, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 12. 3 Larry Stempel, Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater (New York: Norton, 2010), 56. 4 Jeffrey Magee, Irv ing Berlin’s American musical theater (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 111. 5 Edwin Bradley, The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932 (New York: McFarland Co., 2004), 56. 6 Edwin Bradley, The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932 (New York: McFarland Co., 2004), 303. 7 Larry Stempel, Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater (New York: Norton, 2010), 314. 8 Edwin Bradley, The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932 (New York: McFarland Co., 2004), 307. 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