Literature Review on Race and Color Prejudice in Othello

The primary characters of Shakespeare’s plays typically have an element of tragedy to them: some unfortunate outcome for them that occurs either despite their circumstances or because of them. In the case of Othello, the titular character is a tragic figure whose race leads many, including Iago, to scheme against him and lead to his downfall. In this essay, the character of Othello will be examined in terms of his race and behavior, through the lens of G.K. Hunters Othello and Color Prejudice. Here, Othello is presented as a black man who is a heroic figure, constantly fighting against the perceptions of others to succeed in his own field and life, only to be undone by a villain who is jealous of his accomplishments and fearful of his race. In the end, he becomes that very savage stereotype that he fought so hard to shake off. The main character of Othello is the Venetian general Othello, who is a Moor. In Othello, the Moor, is distrusted by Roderigo, Iago, and many others in the Venetian court; however, due to his marriage to Desdemona, as well as his military prowess, he is allowed to roam freely around Venice and take part in all the comforts of generalhood. When Othello is tasked to govern the island of Cyprus, Iago takes this chance to set in motion a chain of events that will undo Othello completely, leading to his death and Desdemona’s alike. Hamartia is the fatal flaw that the hero makes that leads to his downfall; Othello makes this mistake in believing Iago’s suspicions that Desdemona has cheated on him with Cassio, leading Othello to strangle Desdemona to death and give in to his more primal instincts. Race plays an important part in Othello’s character; however, that is mostly due to the reactions of outside forces (Iago et al.) to his presence. He himself very rarely notices or feels persecuted because of his race; it is not until Act III, scene 3, when he tries to figure out why Desdemona would be unfaithful to him, that he acknowledges any sort of negative connotation to being black – Here he says â€Å"Haply for I am black / And have not those soft parts of conversation / That chamberers have.† (III.iii.267-269) Othello himself, while in Venice, exerts confidence and eloquence, traits that are far more sophisticated than those expected of Moors by the rest of Venice, contributing to his acceptance by the majority of the people, including the Duke.   By the time he reaches Cyprus, however, he begins to succumb to his own animal nature and the machinations of Iago. Iago being the white villain turns many stereotypical associations between white and black o n their head, according to Hunter: he is the white man with the black soul while Othello is the black man with the white soul (251). Being the only non-white or non-Christian character in this play, the outsider nature of Othello is emphasized; he is all by himself, being judged by white neighbors, and he has no real outlet with which to express the unique attitudes of his people.  He is able to set himself apart from his white brethren and strike out on his own, falling victim to the same traits that those who discriminate against him attribute to him – Othello’s barbarism makes him take his revenge against Desdemona. Othello is barely cognizant of the differences between him and his Venetian brothers; he merely interacts as though he is one of them. While there are most certainly those who are opposed to him because of his race, it does not affect him. It is only in the end that Iago’s trickery forces him to accept his differences, speaking of himself as â€Å"one that loved not wisely but too well, / Of one not easily jealous but, being wrought, / Perplexed in the extreme† (V.ii.34 1-344). Othello is somewhat defined by his relationship to Desdemona, much to his chagrin. Desdemona’s culture and femininity is crucial to taming Othello’s wilder, Moorish tendencies, and as soon as Iago begins to manipulate Othello into doubting Desdemona’s fidelity, that control vanishes. In Edmund Tilney’s â€Å"The Flower of Friendship,† it is stated that â€Å"a man may show his wife, and his sword to his friend, but not too far to trust them† (280). Iago uses this very principle to sow distrust of Desdemona within Othello, particularly around Cassio. Tinley also states that â€Å"It is a hard matter for an honest woman to love a dissolute man, or a wise spouse to accept a foolish mate† (280). In this quote, femininity is described as more sane, more in control than ‘foolish’ masculinity, making men fear it. The fear of femininity examined in Tilney’s text starts to turn Othello against Desdemona, claiming that she wi ll start to exert control over him. Shakespeare took much of his inspiration for how to characterize the Moor Othello through Leo Africanus’ translator John Pory’s â€Å"History and Description of Africa.† In it, he follows the aforementioned Moor, who navigates the wilderness with a mighty intelligence and wisdom. He has traveled through many desolate mountains and deserts, which impresses Pory. â€Å"I marvel much how ever he should have escaped so many thousands of imminent dangers† (p. 260). Othello also escapes so many imminent dangers in his history as a Venetian general this type of resilience and bravery is brought over to the Othello character as evidence of a wildness and rawness within him that is characteristic of Moors. Pory is also in awe of the diversity and willingness of the Moorish people to try new things â€Å"The liberality of this people hath at all times been exceeding great† (264). Othello also shares this trait by the mere virtue of joining the Venetian army and taking a white wife – while the rest of the Venetian court balks at it, Othello seems unfazed, at least in the beginning, before the words and manipulation of Iago turn him against her. In conclusion, Othello as a character is defined greatly by his race, in both the other characters’ interactions with him and his own behavior in the play; despite this, he is most definitely not stereotypical of portrayals of black characters at the time. Othello manages to find success despite his race as a general of the Venetian army, but is undone by the prejudicial forces against him (as well as his own savage nature). These character’s downfalls are derived from their own weaknesses Othello is the tragic victim of a spiteful lieutenant who tricks him into believing that his wife has been unfaithful. In the end, Hunter argues that Othellos characterization transforms from that of a contradiction from stereotypes into the stereotype himself, as Iago succeeds in making the deeds of Othello at last fit in with the prejudice that his face at first excited (Hunter 248). Works Cited Hunter, G.K. Othello and Colour Prejudice pp. 248-62. Pory, John. â€Å"The History and Description of Africa.† Othello and The Tragedy of Miriam: A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Longman Cultural Edition, Ed. Clare, Carroll. New York: Longman, 2003. pp.258-265. Shakespeare, William. The tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice. Print. Tilney, Edmund. The flower of friendship. Othello and The Tragedy of Miriam: A Longman    Cultural Edition, Ed. Clare, Carroll. New York: Longman, 2003 pp. 278-284.

John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1538 Words

John Steinbeck s Of Mice and Men explores many different and complex theories, all while telling a simple story of two men and one dream. George is practical, cautious, and small, but sharp and socially able. His companion is one of very different statures: looming and strong, possibly too much for his own good, and has the ability to kill but possesses the mind of a child, and blessed but cursed with a mental illness that detaches him from society. The pair on the run from one job to the next have the common dream of a place to call their own home. However, no matter where they end up, George and Lennie are constantly pressured to maintain a spot on the social ladder, using their different strengths and abilities, but all while being hindered by their disadvantages. 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Business Communication-Hyatt Group-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Provide a proposal outline that will show what you are intending on including in your report. 2.Describe the background of the Organisation by providing a brief description on the business and the Communication Strategy you intend on implementing. Answers: 1.Communication is the essential process in an organization to maintain stability among employees and to improve the productivity of an organization. Business communication includes many strategies like to motivate their employees, then to improve working condition and also to make a proper and healthy atmosphere at organizations (Coombs, 2014). Hyatt Group was selected for this paper to understand business communication and to implement some communication strategy in this organization. Communication strategy implementing in Hyatt group is the main purpose of this paper. This can be implemented with the help of selecting the internal audience and also by selecting a strategic approach. To implement communication strategy in Hyatt group organization it is important to identify the key benefits along with the supported points. The topic of this paper is Business Communication Strategy Hyatt Group. Outline Proposal Outline Introduction: In this part, a topic will be introduced along with the definition of communication strategy. This part will contain the entire introduction of this paper. Type of communication strategies: This part will contain various types of communication strategies that are used in an organization. This part will also contain the best communication strategy for Hyatt Group of an organization. In this part, various types with their advantage and disadvantages will be discussed. The importance of communication in an organization: From this part, we will be able to understand the importance of communication in an organization. This part will provide why an organization needs a perfect communication strategy and its effect on employees. Implementation of Communication strategy: This part will contain the implementing process of chosen communication strategy to Hyatt Group. Further in this part audience will be able to get an idea of the success of implementation of the chosen communication strategy. Conclusion: This is the conclusion part where a brief summary or evaluation of the entire report will be provided. Organization Background Hyatt group is the corporation of hotels and resorts of America. This corporation was founded in the year 1957. The brands of Hyatt are; Park, Grand, Regency, Miraval, Ziva and so on. They have almost 4.4 billion dollar revenue along with the 110000 employees working in Hyatt Group. Hyatt House motel was purchased by Pritzker in the year 1957 and with the help of Donald; they are able to grow Hyatt Brand or group. In the year 2016 on 30th September, Hyatt was considered as the company of global hospitality with almost 13 brands and above 600 properties in almost 54 countries. They are a true picture of diversity and empowerment as in Hyatt hotels different group of people works together and they are performing the best which proves their strength and stability in the organization (Brink, Costigan, 2015). In Hyatt, they have experience of more than half century with innovation as well as the vision that makes Hyatt the leader in hospitality industries. Hyatt is the brand name that sp read like fire and they provide most efficient hotels and resort all over the world. This company is considered as the best class luxurious hotels and resorts in the world. 2.Introduction Communication strategy is the plan that actually expresses goals along with the methods for an organizational activity. It is a strategy that helps to enhance employee's performance and level with the help of communication (Bennett, 2014). This paper discusses the types of communication along with their advantages and disadvantages. This paper also discusses the best communication strategy that needs to be implemented for Hyatt Group of Hotel and resorts. Type of communication strategies The various types of communication strategies are: Verbal Communication strategy: In this communication strategy people are able to share their information and knowledge with the help of oral or written communication (Kernbach, 2015). This helps an organization to communicate verbally with their employees to understand them properly. Non-verbal Communication strategy: In this communication strategy people are able to communicate visually that is by a physical gesture, facial expression, body language, etc (Bloom, 2014). This communication strategy is the process where no language is needed to communicate with each other. Visual Communication strategy: In this communication strategy people express their information with the help of visual aids like the documentation or some other sources (Mishra, 2014). Advantages and Disadvantages of communication strategies Verbal Communication Advantages: This type of communication saves money as well as time and also the response is quick (Kasper, Kellerman, 2014). This communication strategy is the most convenient way to communicate with other as people are able to understand one another clearly. Disadvantages: This type of communication often end up to a long communication session which cost more money. Sometimes this type of communication creates a misunderstanding as this in most of the time provides irrelevant information. Non-Verbal Communication Advantages: This type of conversation is easy to present when both the people are unable to understand their verbal communication (Andreu, 2015). This also helps handicapped people to communicate in an organization and in an outer world also. Disadvantages: Most of the time gesture becomes very difficult to understand that create misunderstanding among two or more person. In this type of communication, a long conversation is not possible as gesture becomes difficult to provide a long message. Visual Communication Advantages: This help to communicate easily and also help in oral communication. People are able to express their feeling more in this type of communications. Disadvantages: Sometimes due to network problem it becomes difficult to communicate easily. This type of communication is very costly as this need internet as well as a device for visual communication. Communication Strategy for Hyatt Group For Hyatt group, the communication strategy is best to have verbal communication. This is because they are a big group of hotel and resorts and for that communication is most important where non-verbal may create a lot problem so it is best for them to have a verbal communication. This will help Hyatt to communicate with their employees and also this will make them capable of understanding any problem or issue in the organization. Importance of communication in organization Communication is an essential part of an organization to develop (Cornelissen, Cornelissen, 2017). This actually helps managers to perform their basic functions like organizing, planning, controlling, motivating, etc. Communication helps employees to get motivated along with it this also help employees to understand their job and improve their performance. Communication is the key that maintains a stable connection in the organization between employees as well as between the organizations. This also helps to build attitudes of employees towards their organization and their colleagues. This helps higher authorities to manage their staff and also allow them to understand their employees. Communication enables employees to know about their organization policy and it help to sort out any type of problem or issue rising in the organization. Every organization needs to have a perfect communication strategy to control their employees and to communicate effectively with their employees (Cor nelissen, 2015). This is the best sources that provide information to the employees about their organization and to the o0rganization about their employees. Communication is actually a bridge that connects two sections of people in an organization to work together and efficiently. Implementation of Communication strategy The implementation of verbal communication strategy in Hyatt group, authority needs to involve their employees by making them understand about the communication strategy and use of this communication strategy. The higher authorities before implementing communication strategy need to analyze the consequence of this communication strategy on business (Mai, Hoffmann, 2014). The organization also needs to be clear about their workforce in human resource so that they are able to carry out this communication activity. Implementing strategy on organization may cause to financial issue also, therefore, the higher authorities of Hyatt Group needs to identify their financial condition on implementing tools for verbal communication strategy. Once this communication is implemented then this will help their employees to communicate easily with anyone and also this will increase business for Hyatt Group. This is very much needed for employees to understand communication need for their organizatio n and this can be done with the proper planning and implementation of verbal communication strategy (Moshiri, Cardon, 2014). It actually enhances the power and capability of the organization to perform best in the market, as this help to improve working condition of employees along with the business profit. Conclusion Communication is not just a simple word it is the biggest thing for an organization to develop. This paper concludes that Hyatt Group needs to develop a verbal communication strategy to enhance their profitability and position in the market. References Andreu, L., Casado-Daz, A. B., Mattila, A. S. (2015). Effects of message appeal and service type in CSR communication strategies.Journal of Business Research,68(7), 1488-1495. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296315000533 Bennett, W. L., Segerberg, A., Walker, S. (2014). Organization in the crowd: peer production in large-scale networked protests.Information, Communication Society,17(2), 232-260. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2013.870379 Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J. (2014). The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization.Management Science,60(12), 2859-2885. Retrieved from https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2013 Brink, K. E., Costigan, R. D. (2015). Oral communication skills: Are the priorities of the workplace and AACSB-accredited business programs aligned?.Academy of Management Learning Education,14(2), 205-221. Retrieved from https://amle.aom.org/content/14/2/205.short Coombs, W. T. (2014).Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=CkkXBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR1dq=Importance+of+communication+in+organizationots=NHu8_kgmahsig=sK2cQlulE--xLExWCzPFWSqpKMY#v=onepageq=Importance%20of%20communication%20in%20organizationf=false Cornelissen, J. P., Durand, R., Fiss, P. C., Lammers, J. C., Vaara, E. (2015). Putting communication front and center in institutional theory and analysis. Retrieved from https://amr.aom.org/content/40/1/10.short Cornelissen, J., Cornelissen, J. P. (2017).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=Ju60DQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Communication+in+organizationots=eVfKUgTd5Nsig=5n7BHwdrBTpSY6TkKCX5jH2uiSA#v=onepageq=Communication%20in%20organizationf=false Kasper, G., Kellerman, E. (2014).Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=98W3AwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Type+of+communication+strategiesots=AqNb7NAHEfsig=Goi1GIerhNX2h-fsNCaV1TcY8lk#v=onepageq=Type%20of%20communication%20strategiesf=false Kernbach, S., Eppler, M. J., Bresciani, S. (2015). The use of visualization in the communication of business strategies: An experimental evaluation.International Journal of Business Communication,52(2), 164-187. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329488414525444 Mai, R., Hoffmann, S. (2014). Accents in business communication: An integrative model and propositions for future research.Journal of Consumer Psychology,24(1), 137-158. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1057740813000831 Mishra, K., Boynton, L., Mishra, A. (2014). Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications.International Journal of Business Communication,51(2), 183-202. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329488414525399 Moshiri, F., Cardon, P. (2014). The state of business communication classes: A national survey.Business and Professional Communication Quarterly,77(3), 312-329. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329490614538489